Q: Amazon EBS-Optimized instances

For an additional low, hourly fee , customers can launch certain Amazon EC2 instance types as EBS-optimized instances. EBS-optimized instances enable EC2 instances to fully use the IOPS provisioned on an EBS volume. EBS-optimized instances deliver dedicated throughput between Amazon EC2 and Amazon EBS, with options between 500 and 80,000 Megabits per second (Mbps) depending on the instance type used. The dedicated throughput minimizes contention between Amazon EBS I/O and other traffic from your EC2 instance, providing the best performance for your EBS volumes. EBS-optimized instances are designed for use with all Amazon EBS volume types. For more information about the instance types that can be launched as EBS-Optimized instances, see Amazon EC2 Instance Types .

Question 1

What is Amazon EBS?

Accepted Answer

Amazon EBS allows you to create storage volumes and attach them to Amazon EC2 instances. Once attached, you can create a file system on top of these volumes, run a database, or use them in any other way you would use block storage. Amazon EBS volumes are placed in a specific Availability Zone where they are automatically replicated to protect you from the failure of a single component. All EBS volume types offer durable snapshot capabilities and are designed for high availability.

Amazon EBS provides a range of options that allow you to optimize storage performance and cost for your workload. These options are divided into two major categories: SSD-backed storage for transactional workloads, such as databases and boot volumes (performance depends primarily on IOPS), and HDD-backed storage for throughput intensive workloads, such as MapReduce and log processing (performance depends primarily on MB/s).

Our highest performance io2 Block Express volume enables SAN-like performance in the cloud. Block Express is a next-generation storage server architecture that provides the highest block storage performance without the cost or hassle of having to procure, scale, and maintain expensive on-premises SANs. With io2 Block Express, you can achieve sub-millisecond latency and provision a single io2 Block Express volume with up to 256,000 IOPS, 4,000 MB/second throughput, and 64 TB of capacity—a 4x increase in performance, throughput, and capacity than existing io1 volumes. Io2 Block Express volumes are ideal for the largest, most I/O-intensive, mission-critical deployments of Oracle databases, SAP HANA, Microsoft SQL Server, InterSystems database, and SAS Analytics.

SSD-backed volumes include the highest performance Provisioned IOPS SSD (io2 Block Express and io1) for latency-sensitive transactional workloads and General Purpose SSD (gp3 and gp2) that balance price and performance for a wide variety of transactional data. HDD-backed volumes include Throughput Optimized HDD (st1) for frequently accessed, throughput intensive workloads and the lowest cost Cold HDD (sc1) for less frequently accessed data.

Elastic Volumes is a feature of Amazon EBS that allows you to dynamically increase capacity, tune performance, and change the type of live volumes with no downtime or performance impact. This allows you to easily right-size your deployment and adapt to performance changes.

Question 2

Amazon EBS availability and durability

Accepted Answer

Amazon EBS volumes are designed to be highly available, reliable, and durable. At no additional charge to you, Amazon EBS volume data is replicated across multiple servers in an Availability Zone to prevent the loss of data from the failure of any single component. For more details, see the Amazon EBS Service Level Agreement.

Amazon EBS offers a higher durability volume (io2 Block Express), that is designed to provide 99.999% durability with an annual failure rate (AFR) of 0.001%, where failure refers to a complete or partial loss of the volume. For example, if you have 100,000 EBS io2 Block Express volumes running for 1 year, you should expect only one io2 Block Express volume to experience a failure. This makes io2 Block Express ideal for business-critical applications such as SAP HANA, Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server and IBM DB2 that will benefit from higher uptime. Io2 Block Express volumes are 2000 times more reliable than typical commodity disk drives, which fail with an AFR of around 2%. All other Amazon EBS volumes are designed to provided 99.8%-99.9% durability with an AFR of between 0.1% - 0.2%,

EBS also supports a snapshot feature, which is a good way to take point-in-time backups of your data. To learn more about Amazon EBS Snapshots and how to take point-in time backups of your volumes please visit here.

Question 3

Amazon EBS-Optimized instances

Accepted Answer

For an additional low, hourly fee, customers can launch certain Amazon EC2 instance types as EBS-optimized instances. EBS-optimized instances enable EC2 instances to fully use the IOPS provisioned on an EBS volume.

EBS-optimized instances deliver dedicated throughput between Amazon EC2 and Amazon EBS, with options between 500 and 80,000 Megabits per second (Mbps) depending on the instance type used. The dedicated throughput minimizes contention between Amazon EBS I/O and other traffic from your EC2 instance, providing the best performance for your EBS volumes.

EBS-optimized instances are designed for use with all Amazon EBS volume types.

For more information about the instance types that can be launched as EBS-Optimized instances, see Amazon EC2 Instance Types.

Question 4

SSD-backed volumes (IOPS-intensive)

Accepted Answer

Provisioned IOPS SSD (io2 Block Express and io1) volumes

Provisioned IOPS SSD volumes are designed to deliver a maximum of 256,000 IOPS, 4,000 MB/s of throughput, and 64 TiB in size per volume. Io2 Block Express is the latest generation of the Provisioned IOPS SSD volumes that delivers 4x higher throughput, IOPS, and capacity than io1 volumes, along with sub-millisecond latency. Io2 Block Express provides the highest block storage performance for the largest, most I/O-intensive, mission-critical deployments of Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, SAP HANA, and SAS Analytics.

When attached to Nitro System-based EC2 instances, io2 Block Express volumes are designed to deliver an average latency of under 500 microseconds for 16KiB I/O operations. io2 Block Express volumes also deliver better outlier latency compared to General Purpose volumes, reducing the frequency of IOs exceeding 800 microseconds by more than 10 times. io2 Block Express delivers a durability of 99.999% while io1 delivers a durability of 99.8-99.9%. This makes io2 Block Express ideal for performance-intensive, business-critical applications that will benefit from higher uptime. Io2 Block Express volumes support Multi-Attach with I/O fencing, which allows customers to attach an io2 Block Express volume to up to sixteen Nitro-based EC2 instances within the same Availability Zone. In addition, Fast Snapshot Restore and Elastic Volumes are also supported in all Provisioned IOPS SSD volumes. For more details on pricing, please visit the pricing page. For more information about instance types that can be launched as EBS-optimized instances, see Amazon EC2 Instance Types. For more information about Amazon EBS performance guidelines, see Increasing EBS Performance. Learn more »

General purpose SSD (gp3 and gp2) volumes

General-purpose volumes are backed by solid-state drives (SSDs) and are suitable for a broad range of transactional workloads, virtual desktops, medium sized single instance databases, latency sensitive interactive applications, dev/test environments, and boot volumes. Amazon gp3 volumes are the latest generation of general-purpose SSD-based EBS volumes that enable customers to provision performance independent of storage capacity, while providing up to 20% lower pricing per GB than existing gp2 volumes. The new gp3 volumes deliver a baseline performance of 3,000 IOPS and 125 MB/s at any volume size. Customers looking for higher performance can scale up to 80,000 IOPS and 2,000 MB/s for an additional fee. Both gp3 and gp2 volumes are designed to offer single-digit millisecond latency and deliver the provisioned performance 99% of the time. We advise using io2 Block Express volumes if you require more IOPS than gp3 can offer, have a workload where low latency is essential, or require improved performance consistency or durability.

To maximize the performance of gp3, we recommend using EBS-optimized EC2 instances.

Question 5

HDD-backed volumes (MB/s-intensive)

Accepted Answer

Throughput optimized HDD (st1) volumes

ST1 is backed by hard disk drives (HDDs) and is ideal for frequently accessed, throughput intensive workloads with large datasets and large I/O sizes, such as MapReduce, Kafka, log processing, data warehouse, and ETL workloads. These volumes deliver performance in terms of throughput, measured in MB/s, and include the ability to burst up to 250 MB/s per TB, with a baseline throughput of 40 MB/s per TB and a maximum throughput of 500 MB/s per volume. ST1 is designed to deliver the expected throughput performance 99% of the time and has enough I/O credits to support a full-volume scan at the burst rate. To maximize the performance of st1, we recommend using EBS-optimized EC2 instances.

Cold HDD (sc1) volumes

SC1 is backed by hard disk drives (HDDs) and provides the lowest cost per GB of all EBS volume types. It is ideal for less frequently accessed workloads with large, cold datasets. Similar to st1, sc1 provides a burst model: these volumes can burst up to 80 MB/s per TB, with a baseline throughput of 12 MB/s per TB and a maximum throughput of 250 MB/s per volume. For infrequently accessed data, sc1 provides extremely inexpensive storage. SC1 is designed to deliver the expected throughput performance 99% of the time and has enough I/O credits to support a full-volume scan at the burst rate. To maximize the performance of sc1, we recommend using EBS-optimized EC2 instances.

Question 6

Amazon EBS Snapshots

Accepted Answer

Amazon EBS provides the ability to save point-in-time snapshots of your volumes to Amazon S3. Amazon EBS Snapshots are stored incrementally: only the blocks that have changed after your last snapshot are saved, and you are billed only for the changed blocks. If you have a device with 100 GB of data but only 5 GB has changed after your last snapshot, a subsequent snapshot consumes only 5 additional GB and you are billed only for the additional 5 GB of snapshot storage, even though both the earlier and later snapshots appear complete.

When you delete a snapshot, you remove only the data not needed by any other snapshot. All active snapshots contain all the information needed to restore the volume to the instant at which that snapshot was taken. The time to restore changed data to the working volume is the same for all snapshots.

Snapshots can be used to instantiate multiple new volumes, expand the size of a volume, or move volumes across Availability Zones. When a new volume is created, you may choose to create it based on an existing Amazon EBS Snapshot. In that scenario, the new volume begins as an exact replica of the snapshot.

The following are key features of Amazon EBS Snapshots:

Question 7

Centralized backup and compliance with AWS Backup

Accepted Answer

To meet your data protection and compliance requirements, you can use AWS Backup to centrally manage and automate backups of your Amazon EBS volumes. AWS Backup enables you to create scheduled, policy-driven backup plans with automated retention management, enhanced ransomware recovery capabilities, compliance insights, and analytics for data protection operations. Learn more about these capabilities on the AWS Backup features page.

AWS Backup supports crash-consistent multi-volume backups for Amazon EBS volumes and EC2 instances, and offers the ability to transition backups to archive tier for cost optimization.

EBS Snapshots managed by AWS Backup are billed at the same rate as Amazon EBS Snapshots when stored in backup vaults. For more pricing details, refer to the AWS Backup pricing page.

Question 8

Amazon Data Lifecycle Manager for EBS Snapshots

Accepted Answer

Amazon Data Lifecycle Manager for EBS Snapshots provides a simple, automated way to back up data stored on EBS volumes by ensuring that EBS Snapshots are created and deleted on a custom schedule. You no longer need to use scripts or other tools to comply with data backup and retention policies specific to your organization or industry. With the support for custom script automation, you can set lifecycle policies to automate pre-scripts and post-scripts before and after the creation of application-consistent EBS Snapshots for self-managed databases running on EC2 instances.

With Data Lifecycle Manager, you can be sure that snapshots are cleaned up regularly and keep costs under control. Simply tag your EBS volumes and start creating Lifecycle policies for creation and management of backups. Use CloudWatch Events to monitor your policies and ensure that your backups are being created successfully.

Amazon EBS features